High Risk Pregnancy - The Battered Woman - 1085 Words

High Risk Pregnancy – The Battered Woman Erin Mosness MSU Billings City College Abstract In this paper it will discuss domestic violence during pregnancy. The signs and symptoms of a battered woman and the impact of domestic violence on the pregnant woman and her family will be deciphered. Medical intervention will be discussed, patient teaching will be described and there will be three pertinent nursing diagnosis’s with rationale. Pregnancy is a natural and beautiful process. It is something most women look forward to and in the most part it is a happy time for the mother, father, relatives and friends. An optimal pregnancy is one with minimal complication, but pregnancy, in itself, comes with its own set of complications. There are a lot of different diseases and conditions that can occur during pregnancy. Most of these complications can be fixed with medicine and close monitoring by the medical team. There is a high risk pregnancy that cannot be fixed by medicine, it is domestic violence. Domestic abuse/violence is abusive behavior in a relationship. The abusive behavior is used to possess power and control over the other individual. There are many forms of abuse. Physical abuse is a dangerous form of abuse for the pregnant woman. Domestic violence is a hidden epidemic that lurks behind closed doors and is rarely talked about or discussed openly. Domestic violence and pregnancy combine for a high risk pregnancy. As a healthcare providerShow MoreRelatedThe Domestic Violence Act 1995 Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesIn New Zealand, 1 in 4 woman will experience a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) throughout the course of their relationships (New Zealand Family Violence Clearhouse, 2015). The Domestic Violence Act 1995 (2014) defines violence in this instance as physical , sexual and psychological abuse. This abuse has a myriad of health consequences on all members of the whÄ nau, including children who witness or are subjected to this violence. The primary health care (PHC) nurse has a range of responsibilitiesRead MoreCan Single-Parent Households Influence Adolescents To Become Abusers?1099 Words   |  5 PagesCensus, 2013). Common belief would lead people to believe that most children live with one parent as a result of divorce, but generally single parents were most likely never married at all due to the consequence of accidental, unplanned and teenage pregnancies, as well as adult women who put off marriage to get ahead in their career and education (Dornbusch et. Al., 1985). One basic cause of single-parent households are divorce. Divorce can be caused by many factors, including adultery/infidelity, midlifeRead MoreGender Inequality During Latin American Countries1373 Words   |  6 Pagesher life is at risk. 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With saying that mental illness could cause dissociation which occurs during extreme stress among prisoners of war who are tortured, among children who are sexually assaulted, and among women who are battered, raped, or prostituted also dissociation, depression, and other mood disorders are common among prostituted women in street, escort, and strip club prostitution according to Melissa Farley, PhD, Founding Director of the Prostitution Research andRead MoreChild Abuse and Violence Against Families1204 Words   |  5 Pagesleast likely to have reported the assault, while women who were assaulted by a stranger were more likely to report to police. 18% had never told anyone about the incident. Now we come to the question, why would a woman whose face is disfigured, whose bones are broken, whose pregnancy is lost, remain with a spouse who might beat her to death? For some, there is no exit. It is like the door is open but she cannot leave. 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Design and Manufacturing Plan of a Jominy Testing Device

JOMINY TEST Design Manufacturing Plan of a Jominy Testing Device Bachelor s thesis Mechanical Engineering Production technology Riihimà ¤ki 2012 James Alison Orivri ABSTRACT Unit Name of degree programme Option Author Jominy Test James Alison Orivri Year 2012 Design Manufacturing Plan of a Jominy Testing Device ABSTRACT The purpose of this work is to make one of the many heat treatments devices- Jominy end quenching testing machine of manufacturing processes. In the process, cases and related topics are going to be considered; necessary information to give the reader in-depth knowledge and understanding into the issue will be elaborated. The idea of this project is to design a Jominy end quench testing machine†¦show more content†¦7 Hardenability In Jominy Test .............................................................................. 8 Advantages disadvantages of Jominy Test ................................................... 10 Testing Procedure .............................................................................................. 10 Uses of hardenability values ............................................................................. 13 Effects of alloying and microstructure .............................................................. 13 2.8.1 Carbon ......... .......................................................................................... 14 2.8.2 Other alloying elements ......................................................................... 15 2.8.3 Boron ..................................................................................................... 15 2.9 Grain size........................................................................................................... 15 2.10 How to produce the result ................................................................................. 16 2.10.1 Contourplots .......................................................................................... 16 3 DESIGN PLAN OF JOMINY TESTING MACHINE ............................................. 18 3.1 Basic concept of the design ............................................................................... 18 3.1.1 Design standardization

Criminal Law Automatism

Question: Discuss about the Criminal Law Automatism. Answer: Introduction Automatism is a type of defense which is used in the criminal law cases. Automatism is one of the types of medical conditions, which is related to the mental state of the defending party. It can be seen as lack of excuse, or culpability, or the lack of voluntariness. This denotes that the defending party was not aware about their actions while doing or making the particular move, which resulted in the constitution of an illegal act[1]. In a number of jurisdictions, there is a distinction between the sane and the insane automatism. As per the MNaghten Rules, in case of the involuntariness being caused by a disease of mind, i.e., mental illness, it has to be treated as an insane automatism and in these situations, it results in the verdict being a special one, i.e., of not being guilty as a result of insanity. For the defendant, this has major practical implications since they can still be held in the custody, even after the special verdict has been delivered, as opposed to the cases where straight acquittal is available through sane automatism[2]. Since automatism is a comprehensive defense, there are a number of exclusions to this very defense. In this, the person should not be at the fault. A classic example of this can be seen in the case of Kay v Butterworth[3], where the individual was not held criminal liable for being unconscious while driving, as a result of a sudden illness. Though, an individual could be held responsible for driving in a state where ne could fall asleep while driving. The issue relating to the prior fault applies in cases of the diabetics suffering from hypoglycemia while driving[4]. The following parts present a contrast between insane and sane automatism as this issue been subject to sustained and cogent criticism[5]. Types of Automatism As highlighted earlier, there are two types of automatism, the sane and the insane one. Automatism is often referred as the non insane automatism, which helps in making a difference between it and the defense of insanity. The automotive state cause has to be external and so a reference to this is made in terms of external factor theory. It is crucial that these two are distinguished. In case the cause of automatic action was something external, for instance, a concussion resulting from a blow to the head, then upon applying the defense of automatism, the same can be used to lead to a verdict which states not-guilty. Though, in case the automatic behavior is from a cause of internal factors, for instance epilepsy, then it is the case of insane automatism and is covered under the insanity defense and not under automatism[6]. There are two kinds of seizures for a diabetic patient which can lead to an individual being unconscious. Hypoglycemia is the low blood sugar diabetes and is caused by taking insulin and not eating afterwards, or in case where too much insulin has been taken. Hyperglycemia is the opposite of it, and so, it is the high blood sugar and is caused by failure in taking enough or any insulin. In both the cases, it is possible that before the loss of consciousness, the diabetic individual might become hysterically violent or aggressive[7]. A diabetic who is aggressive or violent as a result of being in a hypoglycemic state would likely be able to plead automatism as a result of the insulin, since the intake of insulin is considered as an external factor. On the other hand, a diabetic person who is aggressive or violent as a result of being in the hyperglycemic state would have to go for the insanity defense as in such a case there is an absence of an external factor[8]. This can be evidenced from the case of R v Quick Paddison and R v Hennessy. R v Quick Paddison[9] is a leading case in the matter of sane-automatism. In this case, the appellant had attacked the patient while he was on his duty, as a result of which the patient was injured. Upon being charged with assault, the appellant raised the defense of automatism stating that he was hypoglycemic and had taken insulin without eating anything. The trial judge held that this was a case of insanity and not automatism. The defendant changed his plea and appealed. The conviction was quashed as the appeal was allowed. The hypoglycemia was not caused by the diabetes and was an external factor based[10]. Another case in this regard is the case of R v Hennessy[11], but in this case, the appeal was dismissed as the appellant had pleaded against conviction. The defense of insanity was held to be the proper defense. This was because in the view of the Court of Appeals, the state of hyperglycemia was caused due to the diabetic disease itself and not because of any external factor of injecting the insulin, as was found in the R v Quick Paddison case[12]. Sane Automatism When the defense of sane automatism is pleaded in a successful manner, it acts as a complete defense and absolves the defendant from any and all criminal liability. It is different from the insane automatism defense as in that defense, the power to detain an individual in a mental hospital is absent and an order cannot be made against the defendant[13]. The sane automatism defense exists when any individual commits a crime in such situation where their actions are said to be involuntary. So, even when the defendant is not conscious due to some external factor, this defense can be used. The key difference between these is that in insane automatism, the defect of reason has to be an internal factor and for sane automatism, the defense, the action has to result due to an external factor. In R v Bingham[14], this defense was held due to external factors presence. In order to apply the defense of sane automatism successfully, the requirements of this have to be fulfilled. So, there must be an existence of the involuntary action which arises due to some external source. Such an action has to be completely involuntary and the automatisms cannot be self-induced[15]. The involuntary action should not be raised due to an inside source, as in such a case, the finding would be of insane automatism. In R v Kemp[16], the hardening of the arteries was taken to be the disease of mind, which is an internal factor and so, the defense of sane automatism was not applied. In Bratty v A-G for NI[17], the defense of sane automatism was quashed as psychomotor epilepsy was an internal condition, which raised the defense of insanity and not sane automatism. Similarly in the case of R v Burgess[18], the appeal for automatism defense was dismissed. This was because the sleepwalking was caused due to a disorder or an abnormality of the brain, even though transitory in nature and hence, was an internal factor. For the defense of sane automatism to be successful, there has to be a complete loss of control. So, if the defendant is able to retain control over some part of their actions, the defense would fail as the defendant, in such a case, would not be acting as automation. In Broome v Perkins[19], the appellant was a diabetic patient and had driven in an erratic manner when he was suffering from hypoglycemia. The defense he used of sane automatism fell short as there was evidence to show that he had exercised conscious control over his car by steering away from the other vehicles in order to avoid a crash and applied the brakes. This conscious control made the defense of sane automatism fall flat and he was convicted for driving without proper care. Insane Automatism The defense of insane automatism is a general defense and is available for every sort of crime. In case of this defense, the special verdict is given of not guilty by reason of insanity. This is a unique defense and has to be raised by the judge and the prosecution, additionally to the quoted defense. This defense is generally a manner of avoiding the finding of insanity and it is commonly seen that the plea is alter on changed by the defendant to guilty, so as to steer clear from a finding of insanity. The use, as well as, importance of this defense has been declined since the death penalty has been abolished and since the defense of diminished responsibility in cases of murder has been introduced[20]. The insanity is relevant at three stages, i.e., before the trial, unfitness to plead and at the time of the offence. In case an individual is in custody and clearly is insane, then the Home Secretary in such cases has the power of detaining such an individual, on immediate basis to a mental hospital. Though, in such cases, there is a requirement of confirmation regarding the state of mind of the offender from two doctors[21]. The unfitness to plead can be raised by the judge, the prosecution or the defense. The jury decides if the defendant is unfit or fit for pleading. The jury has the authority of making the finding regarding the unfitness to plead in case, based on the balance of probabilities, one of the six is beyond the capability of the appellant: Understanding the charges, Exercising the right of challenging the jurors, Taking a decision on whether or not to plead guilty, Providing necessary evidence to prove own defense, Instructing the counsel and the solicitors, Following the proceedings course[22]. In R v Pritchard[23], the defendant was found as unfit to plead as in their opinion, he had no mode of communicating the details of the trial to the prisoner, which he could reasonably understand and which could enable him in making a proper defense to the charges made. To answer the question of presence of insanity at the time the offence was committed, the M'Naghten rules have to be applied. These rules were given in the case of M'Naghten[24] by the House of Lords. As per these rules, it has to be shown that the defendant, at the time of the offence, was suffering from, a defect of reason, which is caused by a disease of mind, and it should be such that the defendant had no knowledge of his actions or that the act was wrong. In R v Clarke[25], it was held that the absent mindedness or forgetfulness is not sufficient for this defense. In R v Sullivan[26], the appellant had kicked a person and at the time of attack, the appellant was suffering from epilepsy. The trial judge held that the appropriate defense in this case was not automatism but insanity and this verdict was upheld by the House of Lords. In R v Windle[27], the defendant stated upon being arrested for killing his wife that as per him, he would be possibly hanged for this. This statement denoted that the defendant knew that what he was doing was considered as unlawful and so, the defense of insanity was quashed. Problems Associated with Sane and Insane Automatism Both the sane and insane automatism, have inherent problems in both theory, as well as, in practice. The cases which involve the defendants suffering from the disease of diabetes provide a leading example which is covered under these defenses. The first and foremost problem is making a distinction between sane and insane automatism, as it fails to make any sense. The dependence is on a crude differentiation, which is based on whether or not the cause of loss of control was due to internal factors or the external factors of the accused[28]. In other words, the key point to establish if there is a case of sane or insane automatism relates to the factor being internal or external, as has been thoroughly explained. However, to make this differentiation is a problem in itself. Firstly, it is quite absurd to label a diabetic person as an insane individual. Moreover, there are cases where the defendants have acted with the exact same state of mind, and yet, have obtained entirely different verdicts[29]. The present day rules which govern the insanity defense date back to 1843 and have been criticized for a varied range of reasons. It remains unclear if this defense is available in all the cases or not. As the law lags on the psychiatric understanding, in practice, the defense remains under-used and the correct legal test is not applied by the medical professionals. The label of being insane is an outdated one for describing the ones suffering with a mental illness. And is especially wrong in the matter where individuals have learning difficulties or disabilities, or the ones suffering from epilepsy. Moreover, the case laws on sane and insane automatism are incoherent and produce such results which counter the common-sense[30]. Possible Reforms The problems associated with sand and insane automatism have been thoroughly discussed by the Law Commission of UK and through their discussion paper on Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism, they have suggested various reforms to deal with the identified problems. They have suggested that a new defense should be put forward regarding the individual not being criminally responsible for the reasons of a recognized medical condition. This would help in abolishing the insanity defense. And since the crime would be done due to a recognized medical condition, the individual would not be criminally held liable for their actions[31]. There is also a need for a new special verdict. The present special verdict attains the verdict of not being guilty by reason of insanity, and to this, are attached particular disposal powers. The new proposed defense would give a new special verdict, which is not being criminally responsible by reasons of a recognized medical condition and it would have special disposal powers[32]. Need for implementation of the new reforms The proposal put forward by the Law Commission should be brought into force. The foremost and the most crucial reason for this is that a sense of human dignity would be maintained as instead of giving the verdict as an insane person, the individual would be said to be suffering from a recognized disease. This would ensure that the proper respect is given to an individual, who is suffering from a disease and which led to the undertaking of the crime. The proposed changes would transform the defense of automation. By introducing the new defense, the relationship of it with the defense of automatism would be different. Under the current law, some of the condition would lead to the defense of automatism only when they would be recognized medical conditions and so, would lead to the defense under the provisional proposals. Also, the scope of a plea made under automatism would be narrower in comparison to the provisions under the current law. Position of other jurisdictions Depending upon the jurisdiction, the automatism can be a defense which is distinctive from insanity or a species of it[33]. Even though the law of the other jurisdictions like of Canada, Australia and UK are not binding in the courts of Malaysia, as they are restricted by the wordings of the Penal Code, though the developments in this regard, of the other jurisdictions do shed light over these concepts[34]. Moreover, these are of assistance in both the legislatures, as well as, the courts while incorporating the concepts into the code. A key example of this can be seen in the cases quoted earlier, which are mostly English cases. Even though the positions are different based on the jurisdictions, but the view regarding diabetes remains largely the same due to the application of the M'Naghten rule in nearly all the jurisdictions. Moreover, the case laws used above, are established case laws and are often used in taking a decision, especially in the case of diabetes. So, the English case laws form the base for making a decision in this matter, irrespective of the jurisdiction. And it is not just the use of English case laws, but the established case laws which are used to take a decision in such matters. So, even though the codes may be varied based on the jurisdictions, but the crux of the matter in this issue remains the same, throughout. Bibliography Primary Sources Bratty v A-G for NI [1963] AC 386 Broome v Perkins [1987] Crim LR 271 Kay v Butterworth (1945) 61 TLR 452 McClain v. State, (Ind. 1997) 678 N.E.2d 104 M'Naghten [1843] UKHL J16 R v Bingham [1991] Crim LR 43 R v Burgess [1991] 2 WLR 1206 R v Clarke [1972] 1 All ER 219 R v Hennessy [1989] 1 WLR 287 R v Kemp (1957) 1 QB 399 R v Pritchard (1836) 7 CP 303 R v Quick Paddison [1973] QB 910 R v Sullivan [1984] AC 156 R v Windle [1952] 2QB 826 Secondary SourcesBooks Herring J, Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (7th edn, Oxford University Press 2014) Martin J and Storey T, Unlocking Criminal Law (3rd edn, Routledge 2013) Routledge Revision Lawcards, Criminal Law (6th edn, Routledge-Cavendish, 2008) Smith JC and others, Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law (14th edn, Oxford University Press 2015) Online Journals Mackay RD, An anatomy of automatism [2015] 55 Med Sci Law https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378105 accessed 07 March 2017 Websites and blogs E-Law Resources, Defence of insanity (2017) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/ Insanity.php accessed 07 March 2017 E-Law Resources, Defence of Non-Insane Automatism in Criminal Law (2017) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Non-insane-automatism.php accessed 07 March 2017 E-Law Resources, R v Hennessy [1989] 1 WLR 287 Court of Appeal (2017) https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/R-v-Hennessy.php accessed 07 March 2017 E-Law Resources, R v Quick [1973] 3 WLR 26 Court of Appeal (2017) https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/R-v-Quick.php accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism- A Discussion Paper (23 July 2013) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/insanity_discussion.pdf accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism- A Discussion Paper Summary for non-specialists (23 July 2013) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/insanity_discussion_summary.pdf accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Insanity and Automatism (2017) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/insanity-and-automatism/ accessed 07 March 2017 Yeo S, Situating Automatism in the Penal Codes of Malaysia and Singapore (The Malaysian Bar, 22 August 2005) https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/criminal_law/situating_automatism_in_the_penal_codes_of_malaysia_and_singapore.html accessed 07 March 2017 Ronnie D Mackay, An anatomy of automatism [2015] 55 Med Sci Law https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378105 accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Insanity and Automatism (2017) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/insanity-and-automatism/ accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism- A Discussion Paper (23 July 2013) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/insanity_discussion.pdf accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism- A Discussion Paper Summary for non-specialists (23 July 2013) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/insanity_discussion_summary.pdf accessed 07 March 2017 McClain v. State, (Ind. 1997) 678 N.E.2d 104 at 108 Stanley Yeo, Situating Automatism in the Penal Codes of Malaysia and Singapore (The Malaysian Bar, 22 August 2005) https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/criminal_law/situating_automatism_in_the_penal_codes_of_malaysia_and_singapore.html accessed 07 March 2017

Various Modes of Transportation

Table of Contents Surface (land) Transport Road transport Railway transportation mode Pipeline transportation mode Water transportation modes Air transport References By definition, the term ‘modes of transportation’ refers to the means by which people, goods and services achieve mobility. In logistics and geography, the wide diversity of transportation modes falls under one of the three major categories- land, water and air. In addition, each mode is adapted to serve certain requirements of mobility for freight and people. The result is a marked difference in the use and deployment of the various modes of transportation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Various Modes of Transportation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the recent times, technology and costs have made authorities and institutions attempt to integrate various modes through linking them closely. The aim is to enhance production an d distribution of resources (Winston, 2005). Therefore, it is necessary to develop an understanding of how the different modes of transportation compare with each other in terms of costs, capital requirements, government actions and cash requirements. Surface (land) Transport Land transportation includes three systems- roads, railways and pipelines. The three systems are some of the most advanced and useful forms of transport because they provide connection between communities, societies and institutions (Washington, Karlaftis Mannering, 2011). In addition, they provide a cheap way of connection over short and long distances and a convenient way of providing mobility of passenger, energy and freight of varying weight, size and nature. Road transport According to Anderson and McCullough (2011), road cost allocation is the analysis model that shows the roadway costs to different road users within the context of the share of cost imposed on each group. With this model, it is possible to determine the cost of using roads in the United States. It provides analysts with an easy way of estimationg the cost of road transportation. This depends on the vehicles used and the level of government involved in imposing costs (Washington, Karlaftis Mannering, 2011). For instance, the 2010 estimates indicate that automobile users meet a federal cost of about $0.011 per mile and state costs of about $0.018 per mile (National Research Council, 2011). In addition, they must meet user payments of $0.036 per mile and external costs of $0.12 per mile (Anderson McCullough, 2011). Thus, the total cost of using an automobile is about $0.149 per mile in the US. Similarly, the total cost of using pickups and vans is $0.421 per mile while the cost of using other vehicles such as unit trucks, combination trucks and buses is $0.162, $0.256 and $0.144 respectively (Anderson McCullough, 2011). These estimates indicate that the cost of using vehicles depend on size- the heavier the vehicle , the higher the cost of using roads Apart from the facility costs, using roads in the United States as a mode of transport requires additional costs due to policing, planning, street lighting and court fees (National Research Council, 2011). Accordingly, some motor vehicle costs are set and imposed by municipal governments, including street-parking ($12.9-21.56 billion USD), fire protection (0.9-3.4USD) and policing (9.4-14.2 billion USD) (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011).Advertising Looking for report on transportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, road usage requires extensive use of fuel, which is primarily in the form of petroleum products (gas) obtained from gas stations throughout the country. In this case, road users must bear the cost of fuelling their vehicles. For instance, automobiles and pickups use the least fuel per mile while heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses use more fuel. Construction and mai ntenance of roads in the US is one of the most important but expensive tasks used to enhance logistics in the country. Statistics provided by institutions such as FHWA indicate that roadway expenditures by all levels in the US are estimated at $217 billion (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). This includes the cost of construction and maintenance of all roads. According to estimates, road construction costs, including grading and paving, ranges from $320,000 in good conditions to $2,800,000 per mile in difficult conditions (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). In rural areas, it is estimated that the cost of constructing roads ranges from $2,400,000 to $4,400,000 (Hummels, 2007). In addition, it is worth noting that roads occupy extensive land. Therefore, land value must be determined when estimating the cost of road transport in the United States. Estimates indicate that the cost of land devoted to roads in the country exceeds $500 billion, with an annualized value of about $40 billion (National Research Council, 2011). Apart from these costs, road transportation mode has a number of regulations. For instance, each motorist must obtain a valid driving licence. Moreover, it is a legal requirement that children under the age of 16 years should not drive. This also applies to people under the influence of alcohol and other drugs as well as people with mental problems. Railway transportation mode Railway transportation is similar to road transport because can accommodate a wide range of passengers and freight. Nevertheless, railroads are efficient in transporting heavy freight along great distances at low costs. In addition, rail transportation mode is more efficient in fuel usage compared to road transportation modes. According to estimates, the cost of transporting freight such as oil or petroleum products in the US using railroad is about $10.3 billion between Bakken, ND, and Gulf Coast (Government Accountability Office, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report s ample on Various Modes of Transportation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When using roads to transport an equal amount of freight over the same distance, it would cost $3.21billion above the amount spent on railroad transport (Government Accountability Office, 2010). In addition, railroad transportation is time efficient because the causes of delay are fewer than those affecting road transport. The cost of building and running railway lines is cheaper than the cost of building roads. For instance, estimates indicate that the cost of building a single-track freight line with a low number of locomotives, running on flat ground and with simple signalling system is about $2 million per kilometre, which includes mechanical and electrical equipping costs (Government Accountability Office, 2010). High technology and high-speed railway lines cost the government about $200 million per kilometre (Anderson McCullough, 2011). This shows that th e cost of building high technology and speed railways is higher than the cost of building highways. However, the amount of freight and passenger that each can hold differs, with railway transport being the most efficient and less costly (Winston, 2005). It is also worth noting that companies, rather than individuals, operate railway transport. Therefore, government regulations are mostly directed towards these companies. For instance, the regulation on weight (rail truck units) and length of a single engine train affects individual companies involved. In addition, the security requirements for freight and passengers affect companies because they are supposed to provide such services to freight and passengers. This differs from regulations in road transport that affect both individuals and companies. Pipeline transportation mode Pipeline transport has become an efficient means of transporting liquid and gaseous substances in the recent past. This is due to its ability to transport he avy and risky commodities over long distances. In addition, it operates at low costs. In the US, the cost of transporting crude oil between Bakken and Gulf coast is about $9.3 billion for pipelines and $10.3 billion for roads (Hummels, 2007). Similarly, it is estimated that the cost of transporting crude oil from Alberta to Gulf Coast is about $13.7 for pipeline and $15.7 for rails (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). Thus, it is important to note that the cost of using pipelines is less when compared to both rail and road transport.Advertising Looking for report on transportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the cost of building pipelines differs significantly with the cost of constructing railroads and roads. For instance, the cost of constructing a gas pipeline of 12-20 inches is about $961 per mile and $835 per mile for a 22-30 inch pipeline (Winston, 2005) For crude oil, the cost of constructing a 12-20 inch pipeline is about $516 per mile and $530 per mile for a similar pipeline designed for oil products. In total, it is estimated that the cost of building all types of pipelines for crude oil, gas and petroleum product is about $4,469, $6,163 and $4,726 per mile respectively (Hummels, 2007). This shows that the constructing pipeline is more efficient than constructing roads and rails to transport the same product. Water transportation modes Water transportation is the oldest mode of transport. It is divided into inland and external transport systems. In the United States, inland transport includes the transportation of freight and passengers between cities and towns al ong the American coastlines and in the great lakes. Domestic water transportation in the country accounts for 30 per cent of the total amount of freight and passengers transported with this mode. The cost of transporting freight and passengers using ships and other marine vessels is about $29.0 billion per year, which compares to $542 billion, $50.0 billion, $10 billion and $ 29 billion for road, rail, pipeline and air transportation costs respectively. It is also estimated that the price of fuel for marine vessels range between $60 and $160 per mile (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). The cost of constructing facilities for ships and marine vessels is less than that of roads, rails and pipelines because vessels only runs on the water surface. They only need docking and control facilities. In most cases, water transport for freight and passengers involves companies and not individuals. However, some individuals own or operate domestic ships and other vessels for transport and leisure. As such, they are equally affected by government regulations and policies. For instance, in the US, there are regulations on the amount of freight and number of passengers (weight) that can be transported on a ship at a time. In addition, the age of a vessel and fuel usage are regulated. Licensing is one of the most significant methods of government control and policing in water transport. Security for passengers and freight must be guaranteed by the company offshore and at the docks. Unlike other forms of transportation, water transportation modes have the capacity to accommodate large and bulky freight over long distances. Capital considerations include the cost of the vessels and the cost of constructing docking facilities. For instance, the cost of a cruise ship known as Queen Mary, a typical ship, is about $800 million (Hummels, 2007). A typical container ship costs about $75 million. This is an indication that capital considerations must always revolve around the cost of the vess els and its maintenance because docking facilities are provided by the government at a cost. Air transport Air transport is the most recent and most efficient in terms of duration. The method requires extensive infrastructure, security and legal regulations. In addition, it requires expertise and large amounts of capital to operate. The economics of air transport compares with that of other types of transportation. For instance, air transport has contributed to globalization because aircrafts provide real-time connection between continents. In fact, aircrafts spend between 5 and 10 hours to travel from Europe to America. It is estimated that air transport contributes to the transportation of 1 million people per year, and the number is increasing. The cost of air transport is about $29.0 billion per year, which compares to $542 billion, $50.0 billion, $10 billion and $ 29 billion for road, rail, pipeline and water transportation costs respectively (Margreta, Ford Dipo, 2011). Air t ransport is the most risky and sophisticated mode of transportation. Unlike other modes of transportation, air transport is regulated to enhance security for the crew, passengers, freight and people on the ground. For instance, the issue of terrorism is a threat to modern air transport. As such, several regulations and restrictions have been developed. In addition, licensing of flight companies and their crew is an important aspect of air transport that affects operators. References Anderson, D., McCullough, G. (2011). The Full Cost of Transportation in the Twin Cities Region. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, Centre for Transportation Studies. Government Accountability Office, (2010). Freight Railroads: Industry Health Has Improved, but Concerns about Competition Capacity Should Be Addressed, 2006. New York: U.S. Department of Transportation. Hummels, D. (2007). Transportation costs and international trade in the second era of globalization. The Journal of Economic Perspe ctives, 21(3), 131-154. Margreta, M., Ford, C., Dipo, M. A., (2011). U.S. Freight on the Move: Highlights from the 2007 Commodity Flow Survey Preliminary Data, 2010. New York, NY: Cengage National Research Council, (2011). Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Washington, DC: National Research Council. Washington, S. P., Karlaftis, M. G., Mannering, F. L. (2011). Statistical and econometric methods for transportation data analysis. New York: CRC press. Winston, C. (2005). Conceptual developments in the economics of transportation: an interpretive survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 23(1), 57-94. This report on Various Modes of Transportation was written and submitted by user Giselle Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay Sample on Emotions and Moods in the Workplace The Psychological Analysis

Essay Sample on Emotions and Moods in the Workplace The Psychological Analysis Every organization has its own serene environment where it conducts the day to day operations of the company regardless of the products it manufactures. For instance, from the research it is indeed evident that companies do have rules that govern their employee conducts and that of its management. For example, it is evident that every workplace has different emotions and attitudes amongst their workers and customers. The presence of emotional effects poses a threat to behaviors of individuals within the organization. This is because various people within the organization have different attitudes towards certain conditions. Considerable emotions in the place of work assists employees in getting favorable results inclusive of achievement, enrichment of jobs and a considerable quality of social context. Inconsiderable emotions while in the workplace (for example anger, fear, hostility, stress, guilt and sadness), however, escalate the deviance of the workplace predictability together with the manner in which the external world perceives the organization. Emotions are normally connected with certain occurrences or events and have enough strength to interfere with the process of thinking. On the other side, moods are more intensely â€Å"states or feelings† which are generalized and are typically not concerned with a certain stimulus. On top of that, they are not satisfactorily strong to influence the process of thinking. There can be a lot of results for permitting inconsiderable emotions to impact on a person’s general attitude or work performance. Emotions within an organization may lead to attraction of newer customers to the business premises and increase the consumption unit capacity from its customers. Likewise, the increased number of customers in the company would mean that the company would have to increase its production levels and instead produce more than double products than it did before. This would mean that the company mission and objectives shall be fulfilled as it would work to realize the company excellence. The moods of employees are also a vital factor to encourage more customers to participate in the company activity. For instance, the company should locate a human resource department that listens to the complaints of their customers and make hasty decisions in order to retain their customers that loose them to their rival companies that would otherwise maximize on their loophole. The company should also adopt public relation departments that would listen to the suggestions of their customers to ensure that they indeed meet the customers’ demands and can rebrand their products to meet the tastes and preferences of their esteemed customers. LITERATURE REVIEW As a field, emotions and moods in the workplace is fairly large. Emotions as well as emotion management form the prominent character of the life of an organization. It is important to design a publicly desirable and observable emotional showcase as a part and parcel of the role of a certain job. Several researchers and experts have discovered that desirable emotions have considerable impact free from an individual’s relationship with the other people. These positive emotions include; positive mood, emotional resilience, optimism and personal-efficacy to tolerate with adverse circumstances (George, 2000). Workers who showcase positive emotions are sufficiently armed to impact their fellow workers constructively. Chances are usually high that these persons dispense the spirit of cooperation in others to do the job at hand. A number of experts have said that worker experience fewer unfavorable emotions while mixing with their respective supervisors as contrasted with customer and coworker interactions. Extreme emotions such as excitement of an achievement may cause one to lose the achievement while already at hand. This is because ones feelings differ from someone else feelings. In such case, having excited due to job opportunity, may make the employer angry hence demoted from the opportunity (Bono, 2007). In such a case, this excitement may turn up being a source of stress which would be difficult for one to control. According to the research, extreme emotions may cause damage. This is true to someone who lacks strong self-awareness The United States economy is increasingly changing from manufacturing to move on to survive. Therefore, organizational persons are tolerating fresh challenges. The first shift in the economy entailed a move to the services of customers (Lee Allen 2002).This further led to scholarly regarding of the manner in which of emotional conversation is utilized in customer service and in organizational target advancements. At work, negative emotions can be constituted by absence of rewards, work overload, and social relations. These factors appear initially as the most irritating in relation to work. Cynism is regarded as being an inconsiderable effective reaction to any firm. â€Å"Cynics have feelings of distress, shame, contempt and also disgust the moment they think about their organizations† (Abraham, 1999). Such unfavorable emotions are brought about by several issues of the workplace like sexual harassment, computer flaming, verbal abuse and aggression, among many others. Part B Self awareness includes ones personality traits, emotions, moods, habits, psychological needs and personal values which drive ones behavior. For instant, it is important to understand ones personalities which would help one to find the situations in which to thrive in. Additionally, one would be able to find the ways to avoid many of the stress situations. On the other hand, the ones habits are the repeatedly behaviors often. Such habits help in the interactions of people with others. If one possesses the habits that can help to manage others effectively. Psychological needs on the other case drive ones needs to achievement, belongings esteem and belongings, Power and control. The results on both emotions and moods would be analyzed below. According to the results, emotional self awareness has become a hot topic in day today activities. This is true because in many cases, this has been the motion in many happenings. According to psychologists, emotions are a generic term characterized by psychobiological expressions mental states and biological reactions. If one is able to understand his or her feelings and the causes one then has been found to be well equipped with the emotional self awareness. Being able to find the impacts of ones thoughts and the actions towards his thoughts is another indication of ones emotional awareness. Some feelings such as excitement, any one with emotional self-awareness is able to note the cause of such excitement and the impact it has to one’s life (Kelly Barsade, 2001). Moods on the other hand may affect ones decision making. According to the research results, negative mood may lead to poor decision-making. This may result to poor performance in the day’s activities. In order to perfect ones management skills, developing self awareness if the first step one should undertake. This is an important step which enriches ones relationship with others. Additionally, one gains a good understanding of how he or she relate to others hence can be able to adjust ones behavior. Additionally, according to the results, understanding what upsets one during certain occasions and the thoughts, one is able to develop self control after learning his or her weaknesses. According to the research, after understanding ones weaknesses, this is a step to get to know the various strategies to reach ones goals. Part C. How would you describe the ‘emotional labor’ of Laura? Would you consider she shows the ability to exhibit high levels of ‘emotional labor Use literature to support your answer According to the research, expression of emotions is an important aspect where one would not experience any injury. Keeping the emotions for one self may cause various diseases such as mental problems, which result due to stress reactions. For instant, Laura undergoes deep thoughts on how to express her emotions, but in order to keep her job; she undergoes the pain of the injury (Kelly Barsade, 2001). Laura is undergoing stress as a result of job distress by the employers. She is unable to express her emotions trying to avoid being dismissed from her job. She identifies that in the workplace, there is hatred and anger among the workers making them work in a hostile environment. How do you think Laura would function on the five dimensions of emotional intelligence? Use literature to support your answer According to the five dimensions of emotional intelligence, Laura would perform well in herself awareness. This is because she is able to recognize the cause of her feelings and interpret them effectively. Additionally, she is able to manage her feelings because she is able to control them in order to keep the job. This indicates that she is able to manage her feelings. On the other hand, she has the ability to facilitate and guide her job goals. This is because she commits herself and takes the initiative not to show her emotions in order to keep her job. Laura is in a position to understand her employer’s need. She clearly knows that he (the employer) do not like seeing their employees expressing their emotions hence she has the empathy dimensional of emotion intelligence. Finally, Laura has the ability to give the desirable response as she does to the interviewer (George, 2000).

How Artificial Selection Works With Animals

How Artificial Selection Works With Animals Artificial selection involves mating two individuals within a species that have the traits desired for the offspring. Unlike natural selection, artificial selection isnt random and is controlled by the desires of humans. Animals, both domesticated and wild animals now in captivity, are often subjected to artificial selection by humans to get the ideal animal in looks, demeanor, or other desired characteristics. Darwin and Artificial Selection Artificial selection isnt a new practice. Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, used artificial selection to help bolster his work as he came up with the idea of natural selection and the Theory of Evolution. After traveling on the HMS Beagle to South America and, perhaps most notably, the Galapagos Islands, where he observed finches with differently shaped beaks, Darwin wanted to see if he could reproduce this type of change in captivity. Upon his return to England, Darwin bred birds. Through artificial selection over several generations, Darwin was able to create offspring with desired traits by mating parents that possessed those traits. Artificial selection in birds could include color, beak shape and length, size, and more. Benefits of Artificial Selection Artificial selection in animals can be a profitable endeavor. For instance, many owners and trainers will pay top dollar for racehorses with particular pedigrees. Champion racehorses, after they retire, are often used to breed the next generation of winners. Musculature, size, and even bone structure can be passed down from parent to offspring. If two parents can be found with the desired racehorse characteristics, theres an even greater chance that the offspring will also have the championship traits that owners and trainers desire. A common example of artificial selection in animals is dog breeding. As with racehorses, particular traits are desirable in different breeds of dogs that compete in dog shows. The judges look at coat coloring and patterns, behavior, and even teeth. While behaviors can be trained, there is also evidence that some behavioral traits are passed down genetically. Even among dogs not entered in shows, certain breeds have become more popular. Newer hybrids such as the Labradoodle, a mix between a Labrador retriever and a poodle, and the puggle, which comes from breeding a pug and a beagle, are in high demand. Most people who like these hybrids enjoy the uniqueness and the look of the new breeds. Breeders choose the parents based on traits they feel will be favorable in the offspring. Artificial Selection in Research Artificial selection in animals also can be used for research. Many labs use rodents such as mice and rats to perform tests that arent ready for human trials. Sometimes the research involves breeding mice to get the trait or gene to be studied in the offspring. Conversely, some labs research the lack of certain genes. In that case, mice without those genes are bred to produce offspring lacking that gene so they can be studied. Any domesticated animal or animal in captivity can undergo artificial selection. From cats to pandas to tropical fish, artificial selection in animals can mean the continuation of an endangered species, a new type of companion animal, or a lovely new animal to look at. While these traits may never come about through natural selection, they are achievable through breeding programs. As long as humans have preferences, there will be an artificial selection in animals to make sure those preferences are met.

Trace the roots of conflict in Syria. Which theory of International Essay - 1

Trace the roots of conflict in Syria. Which theory of International Relations can be applied to understand this conflict Justify your answer - Essay Example It further facilitates to explain the ways in which an individual’s decisions have an influence upon other countries and people. International relations are considered to be a new as well as invigorating discipline and are considered to be the study of politics at the international, regional as well as global level. Although international relations are considered to be a modern field, it has gained importance in the present world owing to the term globalisation. It is a well known fact that positive international relations assist in stimulating effectual trade policies among nations. It is via international relations that determine the needs and the limitations of cross-border trade. International relations not only concentrate about reporting as well as monitoring the flow of activities or goods and services, they also serve as an important strategy for stimulating the growth of the human culture. It can be mentioned that the diversity in the culture of the world can be endor sed as well as shared via enlightened international relations policies (BBC News, 2012). The chief objective of the paper is to comprehend the main reasons behind the conflicts taking place in Syria. It shall also endeavour to identify the ways in which the theories of international relations can be applied effectively to comprehend the conflicts. The theory of realism shall be studied in details since it relates to the scenario of Syria. The study shall also take into account two different theories of international relations such as liberalism as well as international society and comprehend the ways in which they do not relate to the scenario of Syria. It has been recognised that an increasing number of people have died because of the conflicts that had occurred between the President Bashar al-Assad’s government as well as the revolutionary troops wanting him out (The Economist, 2011). As per the views of the International Red Cross, it has

Failure of the project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Failure of the project - Essay Example Without the help of each group in the company any effort geared to boost the performance of a firm is set to fail. Laying off the experienced staff members and replacing them with temps. This is one of the worst decisions that the company made. Though the company will eventually lay off its entire experienced staff member due to mechanization, the company should have done this gradually in order for the staff to be familiar with the new system. Replacing experienced staff with temps became detrimental as these do not have knowledge on the operations and were probably not given training. Extremely low bids for projects. The company felt very secure in their new technology that even though their decisions would eventually led to the accumulation of huge losses, they still push through because they are desperate for new clients and deals and at the same time hoping that that these losses will be recovered by the new system. Company's reluctance to hear about problems regarding SAP. As the management became confident that SAP will be the cure of their present problems, they were not able to come up with contingency plans to answer what if situations. This implies that the management was not able to know the possible pitfalls in the system which needed to be addressed. Overlooked customer. ... As the customers were not served properly with the new system, its performance and overall image in the community suffered. Aside from these managerial decision pitfalls, the company's external environment also contributed to its demise. The bankruptcy of its largest customer Phar Mor, Inc. also became a significant factor. 2. Who was responsible' For example, what role did FoxMeyer's information technology group play in the failure' As described above, the management team of FoxMeyer largely contributed to the fall of the company due to the decision it implemented. The information technology group can also be responsible as it appears that it had not thoroughly determined the feasibility of using SAP in the company. Also, as problems were not identified in the new system, possible solutions were not laid out in response to problems encountered in the implementation. It is also worth mentioning that the company became nearsighted and was not able to apply the new technology at the right time. The case exemplified that the whole company is not yet ready and was not made ready by the management in adopting a more advanced technology to aid it in its operation.

Microbial Transformation of Steroids Essay Example for Free

Microbial Transformation of Steroids Essay Abstract Hydroxylations are possibly the most widespread type of steroid bioconversion. Hydroxylations can be used to buildintermediates for further chemical synthesis to provide the steroid molecule with the adequate structure for therapeutic applications. Microorganisms able to hydroxylate steroids in positions C1 to C21 and in position C26 have been reported. 11 ÃŽ ± hydroxylation is regarded as essential for anti-inflammatory action. Present study was promoted to extend the investigations to evaluate potentiality of this local oil contaminated soil isolates for transformation of progesterone. Enrichment is carried out in the inorganic medium providing progesterone as an only carbon source. Metabolites are identified by GC/MS and isolates by 16 s rRNA. 11 ÃŽ ± hydroxyprogesterone is the metabolite identified having 60 percent of yield. and Bacillus circulans Tex 01-S3c has been found most efficient strain. Key words: Hydroxylation of Progesterone, oil contaminated, Bacillus circulans Tex 01-S3c, INTRODUCTION Application of molecular biology techniques and genetic engineering of microorganisms for their improvement as steroid transforming agents are the areas of drug development. Site selection oxygenation, particularly hydroxylation of exogenous steroids is frequent in bacteria genera Bacillus. Several microbial bioconversion of steroids and sterols have been reported, focusing mainly on steroid hydroxylations, ∆1-dehydrogenation and sterol side-chain cleavage. These biotransformations, mostly associated to chemical synthesis steps, have provided adequate tools for the large scale production of natural or modified steroid analogues. The complex structure of the steroid molecule requires complicated, multi-step schemes for the chemical synthesis of steroid compounds. Microbial steroid conversions are performed in mild temperature and pressure conditions and can provide an efficient alternative to chemical synthesis. Screening and isolation of active microbial strains for steroid bioconversion is presently an important part of the research and development effort in the steroid drug industry. Oil contaminated soil is a rich source of variety of bacteria capable of biotransformations and degradations of complex chemicals. MATERIAL AND METHODS 1 gm of oil contaminated soil from different local places was added in the sterile 9 ml saline and 1 ml from this is added in the sterile progesterone liquid enrichment medium (KH2PO4, Na2HPO4. 12 H2O, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4. 7 H2O, CaCl2. 6H2O, FeSO4. 7 H2O, pH 7) providing progesterone as a only carbon source. As progesterone is not soluble in water, it was dissolved in acetone (50 mg / ml). The flasks are incubated at 300 C for 7 days. Regular microscopic observation and turbidity checking carried out. By serial dilution techniques 0.1 ml was spread on the nutrient agar plates and well isolated colonies are studied for biotransformation potential. The medium of composition (g/liter): glucose, 40.0; peptone, 1.0; KH2PO4 0.74; MgSO4. 7H2O, 1.0; Yeast extract, 1.0 and asparagine, 0.7, pH was adjusted to 7 used for transformation. The cultivation was performed in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 50 ml medium. The flasks were sterilized and inoculated with 2 ml inoculum of 24 hr cultures of the pure organism. The culture flasks were incubated on incubator shaker at 34Â ° C for 48 hr. Thereafter, 50 mg of progesterone, dissolved in 1 ml acetone, was added to each flask and fermentation was continued for another 72 hr. At the end of fermentation, metabolites are analyzed by GC/MS. The efficient bacterium identified by 16S rRNA. Standardization of parameters like temperature, pH, incubation period, carried out spectrophotometrically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11 ÃŽ ± hydroxyprogesterone is the metabolite identified having 60 percent of yield. Bacillus circulans Tex 01-S3c is the efficient bacterium identified. Temperature 340 C, pH 6.5, incubation period 60 hours are the optimum parameters for maximum yield. REFRENCES 1. Al-Awadi, S., Afzal, M. and Oommen, S. (2003) Studies on Bacillus stearothermophilus. Part III. Transformation of testosterone. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 62 , pp. 48-52. 2. Garai S, Banerjee S, Mahato SB (1995). Selective 1-dehydrogenation of progesterone by Aspergillus fumigatus. J Chem Res (Suppl): 408-409. 3. Fernandes, P., Cruz, A., Angelova, B., Pinheiro, H. and Cabral, J. (2003) Microbial conversion of steroid compounds: recent developments. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 32 , pp. 688-705 4. Mahato, S.B. and S. Garai, 1997. Advances in microbial steroid biotransformation. Steroids, 62:332-345. 5. Sameera Al-Awadi, M.A. Fzal and S. Oommen, 2001. Studies on Bacillus stearithermophilus part Transformation of progesterone to a new metabolites 9,10-seco-4-pregnene-3,9,20-trione, Journal of steroid biochemistry and Molecular biology; 78: 493-498. 6. Smith, KF and Kirk, DN (1989) Microbial transformation of steroids-II. Transformations of progesterone, testosterone an d androstenedione by Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 32 , pp. 445-451

Legalizing Medical Marijuana Essay -- Legal Issues, Drugs

Medical marijuana has more advantages than it does disadvantages. The reason I have chose to support medical marijuana is for one reason. My reason is because people have fear of abuse if it is legalized but in reality people are abusing it as I write this paper. A lot of states haven't legalized marijuana because it is classified as no medical use. If no medical use is found why would some states legalize it. Marijuana affects the lungs and can cause long term lung damage. Although marijuana can affect your lungs it can benefit someone way more than it can hurt them. People have done a lot of research on this topic because it is very important. Jean Charles Pariseau is a 30 year old man with AIDS. His doctor gave him three months to live, and he was taking thirty pills a day. He only weighed eighty-two pounds. His doctor recommended medical marijuana and he felt and looked like a new man. Imagine where he would be without medical marijuana. That is right dead. Hundreds of court case s and many laws about legalizing medical marijuana have been brought up. The government has had there own medical marijuana law where some patients were allowed to receive marijuana if they met the requirements. This is a very important topic because can help someone out tremendously in the medical field and it can take care or many side effects. Smoking medical marijuana may not be the difference of life or death but it will make someone feel more relaxed and better about themselves when they are going through a rough time with there particular illness. Marijuana is the term for dried leaves, flowers, or stems of the cannabis plant, known as cannabinoids. Of these cannabinoids the â€Å"most pharmacologically active is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, also... ...! The cost of the marijuana would be up to the people who is buying it. It is grown out of the ground so if the government wanted to make profit from it they can go right ahead. I think the government should just legalize it for medical use only. The way they could do this is by having individuals buy it through their doctor or even the government themselves. I think that people should get a recommendation from their doctor first. Then they should have to run it by the health department and they should be fine. There is no way to stop the abuse of the drug, but if the government would legalize it throughout the country, people could actually get the medical uses out of it. Medical marijuana could be the answer to a lot of medical mysteries for people that don't now about it. If doctors could recommend marijuana I think it would be a lot easier on everyone.

Objectives in Corporate Finance Essay

If you don’t know where you are going, it does not matter how you get there† Aswath Damodaran Stern School of Business Aswath Damodaran 2 First Principles Invest in projects that yield a return greater than the minimum acceptable hurdle rate. †¢ The hurdle rate should be higher for riskier projects and reflect the financing mix used – owners’ funds (equity) or borrowed money (debt) †¢ Returns on projects should be measured based on cash flows generated and the timing of these cash flows; they should also consider both positive and negative side effects of these projects. Choose a financing mix that minimizes the hurdle rate and matches the assets being financed. If there are not enough investments that earn the hurdle rate, return the cash to the owners of the firm (if public, these would be stockholders). †¢ The form of returns – dividends and stock buybacks – will depend upon the stockholders’ characteristics. Objective: Maximize the Value of the Firm Aswath Damodaran 3 The Classical Viewpoint Van Horne: â€Å"In this book, we assume that the objective of the firm is to maximize its value to its stockholders† Brealey & Myers: â€Å"Success is usually judged by value: Shareholders are made better off by any decision which increases the value of their stake in the firm†¦ The secret of success in financial management is to increase value. The most important theme is that the objective of the firm is to maximize the wealth of its stockholders. Brigham and Gapenski: Throughout this book we operate on the assumption that the management’s primary goal is stockholder wealth maximization which translates into maximizing the price of the common stock. Aswath Damodaran 4 The Objective in Decision Making In traditional corporate finance, the objective in decision making is to maximize the value of the firm. A narrower objective is to maximize stockholder wealth. When the stock is traded and markets are viewed to be efficient, the objective is to maximize the stock price. All other goals of the firm are intermediate ones leading to firm value maximization, or operate as constraints on firm value maximization. Aswath Damodaran 5 The Criticism of Firm Value Maximization Maximizing stock price is not incompatible with meeting employee needs/objectives. In particular: †¢ – Employees are often stockholders in many firms †¢ – Firms that maximize stock price generally are firms that have treated employees well. Maximizing stock price does not mean that customers are not critical to success. In most businesses, keeping customers happy is the route to stock price maximization. Maximizing stock price does not imply that a company has to be a social outlaw. Aswath Damodaran 6 Why traditional corporate financial theory focuses on maximizing stockholder wealth. Stock price is easily observable and constantly updated (unlike other measures of performance, which may not be as easily observable, and certainly not updated as frequently). If investors are rational (are they? ), stock prices reflect the wisdom of decisions, short term and long term, instantaneously.

Information technology for pims pumps Essay

Analysis section 1 – Background/to identification of problem Pims Pumps are an industrial pumping company which are involved in the distribution, installation and maintenance of industrial pumping units. The company has a large fleet of vans and many specialised tools and lots of equipment. Currently all of the equipment is logged in and out of the workshop and vans and this information is stored on paper. Analysis section 2 – identification of the prospective user(s) The prospective users are the managers of the business all of whom are computer literate and are already using a computer system for other aspects of the business. The company have a small network of computers installed and all involved are competent in opening and using Microsoft access 2000 Analysis section 3 – identification of user needs and acceptable limitations The system needs to be able to store large amounts of data about the whereabouts of equipment, it must be able to search through the data for any specified criteria, it must be able to be edited, it must be secure and user friendly. Interview Example documents from user Observation The proposed system can only be tested to a certain extent on being able to store large amounts of data. Analysis section 4 – realistic appraisal of the feasibility of potential solutions. Analysis section 5 – justification of chosen solution I have chosen to use this system because Analysis section 6 – description of current system & data sources and destinations The current system involves the user logging in and out equipment to vans and back into the warehouse. The user must enter his/her name, the date and time, the registration of the vehicle they are taking it to, the name of the piece of equipment and the serial number of the piece of equipment. At the end of each week the logbook except for the most recent page is taken to the admin office and stored in a filing cabinet in date order. When a piece of equipment is missing, needed of has been damaged the user can then refer back to the log book to find out who if anyone still has the piece of equipment and who else has used it recently. This can be very time consuming, as the user has to visually scan through the logbooks until he comes to the entry, which could be anything up to 15 pages. This could easily result in human error and is a big waste of time Analysis section 8 – data flow diagram of current system. At current there is no flow of data as the information is simply logged and referred to if needed in the future. Analysis section 7 – objectives of the project Input tasks (Data entry / Modification / View) The system will provide a user-friendly simple interface with the initial user allowing them to enter the same information as they usually do just on a keyboard. This should avoid all complications. The user interface for the initial user will be very secure to try and prevent accidental damage to the system however the management features will be able to be accessed by the management team through a password. There will be a user guide and a trouble shooting section to try and solve any potential problems. The system will be presented in form view with a main menu and various forms for different functions Output tasks (Reports) The system will be able to produce a report showing the location of any piece of equipment, or all the equipment one member of staff has recently used or all the equipment currently in a particular van. The system must be able to search through all the records for any criteria and produce a report for each one Processing tasks. The system must be able to process the information and sort it into any order that the user wishes. Quantitative performance considerations The system is going to be run over a long period of time and so will need to be able to store a very large amount of data. This s one thing I will not be able to test to its full extent however I can estimate through hardware performance whether the system is adequate or not. Qualitative evaluation criteria Data security of the new system The system will have security passwords and all obvious features that would allow the user to enter restricted areas of the system would be disabled. The system will prompt the user to save changes or automatically save changes on exit anyway. Analysis section 9 – Data flow diagram of new system Analysis section 10 – E-R Model Project stage 2 : design Design section 1 – Overall system design The system will involve a series of tables, queries, reports and forms all linked together to provide a user-friendly system capable of all of the system requirements. I will have tables for vans, equipment, warehouse and users and will link these together and display them on one form. There will be a menu form giving the user options and security passwords for management to access and edit existing data or to view existing data. All of the data entry will be validated and the tables will be set to certain data types to try and ensure the user is entering the correct information. There will be four main tables related to bookings, employees, equipment and vehicles. There will also be four forms based upon these tables and then a main menu form for easy navigation of my database system Design section 2 – Description of modular structure of system. The system will be based around 4 main tables. These are TblEmployees, which contains information about the employees that work at the company. TblEquipment, which lists equipment, details about it, its current location and a list of who has recently used it. TblVehicles will contain a list of all of the vans that Pims Pumps use and contain a list of all the equipment that is currently in each van. TblBookings will record all the bookings in an out that a piece of equipment makes and records the equipment and employee ID numbers. These tables will all be linked together in an entity relationship diagram. Design section 3 – Definition of data requirements The database will have to store relevant information about the employees using the booking system information about the company’s vehicles and equipment information. The fields I will store in my equipment table are as follows: 1. Equipment ID – A unique number assigned to each piece of equipment. 2. Description – a brief description of the piece of equipment 3. Service interval – The next date when the piece of equipment is due to be serviced The fields I will store in my employee table are as follows: 1. Employee name – full name of the employee 2. Employee ID – a unique number assigned to each employee The fields I will store in my vehicles table are as follows: 1. Registration – The registration number of my vehicle 2. Vehicle ID – A unique number assigned to each vehicle I will also have a bookings table, which will store the employee and equipment ID for each booking of equipment, and the date on which the booking was made. This will enable me to run a query to find out for example what equipment any employee has used or what equipment is currently in a certain van etc. Design section 4 – Identification of storage requirements and media Development hardware I can design my system on any hardware running Microsoft Windows 95 or later and that is capable of running Microsoft Access at speed. I do not require any additional specific hardware for designing my database. End-user hardware The end user already has hardware capable of running my database and all the staff are familiar with Microsoft based programs. Development software I will design the database in Microsoft Access as this is very flexible and powerful enough to undertake all or the required tasks End-user software The end user will also have to use Microsoft Access as that is the only program that my database will run on I will design the database to be user friendly and limit access to all of its functions to try and prevent accidental damage to the system. Design section 5 – Identification of suitable algorithms for data transformation Queries Macros Visual basic code Design section 6 – identification of any validation required I have several input masks throughout my tables however no validations are needed. The input masks that ii have used are simply in place to ensure that the user is entering the correct information or at least information that is in the correct format. Design section 7 – overall user interface design Here is a plan of the layout of my main menu; Design section 8 – Sample of planned data capture and entry (e. g. forms Design section 9 – sample of planned data validation Design section 8 – Description of record/database structure & normalisation Normalisation Tables design Design section 11 – Sample of planned valid output (e. g. reports). I will produce reports based on queries related to different things however the format will remain the same. Below is an example of what a report would look like if the user queried for what equipment an employee has recently used: Design section 12 – Database design including relations, foreign keys, and primary keys. Entity-relationship diagram List and describe all relations separately 1. There is a one to many relationship from Equipment ID in the Equipment table to Equipment ID in the booking table. This enables there to be many pieces of equipment logged in the bookings table. 2. There is a one to many relationship from Employee ID in the Employee’s table to Employee ID in the Bookings table. This enables there to be many employees listed in the bookings table of that one employee can have many bookings. Indicate all primary and foreign keys for each table TblEquipment’s primary key is Equipment ID and it contains no foreign keys TblBooking’s primary key is Booking ID and it contains Equipment ID and Employee ID as foreign keys TblVehicle’s primary key is Vehicle ID and it contains no foreign keys TblEmployee’s primary key is Employee ID and it contains no foreign keys Design section 13 – Planned measures for security and integrity of data Design section 14 – Planned measures for systems security Design section 15 – Overall test strategy Project stage 3 : Technical solution Project stage 4 : System testing Test section 1- Design of test plan & strategy Test section 2 – Minimal test data Test section 3 – Expected results for typical test data Test section 4 – Erroneous data (Check forms reject invalid data) Test section 5 – Expected results for extreme data. Check that data just within range is accepted and stored Check that calculations using extreme data works Test section 6 – Hard copy of representative samples of test runs Project stage 5 : Maintenance Maintenance section 1 – System overview Maintenance section 2 – Summary of features used Maintenance section 3 -Sample of detailed algorithm design using a recognised methodology Maintenance section 4 – Annotated listings of program code, macro code & tailoring Maintenance section 5 – Screenshots (Mainly from design view) Table screenshots. Reports screenshots Query screenshots Macro’s screenshots Visual basic code Maintenance section 6 – List/description of package items developed Project stage 6 : User manual User manual – Brief introduction User manual – Samples of actual screen displays in situ User manual – Samples of error messages and/or error recovery procedures Project stage 7 : Appraisal Appraisal section 1 – Comparison of project performance against objectives Evaluation of end-user requirements Evaluation of the qualitative criteria Evaluation of the quantitative criteria.

Definition and Examples of Irregular Verbs

Definition and Examples of Irregular Verbs In English grammar, an irregular verb is a  verb that does not follow the usual rules for verb forms. Also known as a strong verb. Verbs in English are irregular if they dont have the  conventional -ed ending (such as asked or ended) in the past tense and/or past participle forms. Contrast with Regular Verb. According to the  Longman Student Grammar (2002), the nine most common  lexical verbs  in English are all irregular:  say, get, go, know, think, see, make, come, and  take. Pronunciation i-REG-u-lur verb Exercises Exercise in Using the Correct Forms of Irregular VerbsPractice in Using the Past Forms of Regular and Irregular VerbsProofreading for Tense Errors Examples and Observations The bridge they built brought traffic in both directions.Water slopping from the buckets froze on the feet as it fell.(Sheila Watson, Deep Hollow Creek. McClelland Stewart, 1992)The shoes the slaves bought generally cost between $1.50 and $2.00.(Ted Ownby, American Dreams in Mississippi. University of North Carolina Press, 1999)He said Roadmap Jenkins got the good loops because he knew the yardage and read the break better than anyone else.(Bo Links, Riverbank Tweed and Roadmap Jenkins. Simon Schuster, 2001)Hearts were trumps. I stood, and made three to his nothing. I dealt; he begged; I gave him one, and made three more.(George H. Devol, Forty Years a Gambler on the Mississippi, 1887)It was true, thought Miss Taylor, that the young nurses were less jolly since Sister Burstead had taken over the ward.(Muriel Spark, Memento Mori, 1959) 180 Cussed Exceptions At first glance irregular verbs would seem to have no reason to live. Why should language have forms that are just cussed exceptions to a rule?..Irregular forms are just words. If our language faculty has a knack for memorizing words, it should have no inhibitions about memorizing past-tense forms at the same time. These are the verbs we call irregular, and they are a mere 180 additions to a mental lexicon that already numbers in the tens or hundreds of thousands. (Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. Basic, 1999) The Origin of Irregular Verbs [I]rregular verbs . . . derive from the Old English period. At that time they were called strong and weak verbs respectively. Strong verbs formed their past tense and past participle with an ablaut or vowel gradation (a means of marking different functions of a word by varying the vowel sound in its base). Weak verbs formed their past tense and past participle with an inflectional suffix, that is, a {-d} or {-t} suffix. With the loss of inflections during the Middle English period, all new verbs took on the weak verb formation with an {-ed} or {-t} in past forms. This weak formation soon became the norm for what we now refer to as English regular verbs; strong verbs became irregular verbs(Bernard ODwyer, Modern English Structures, 2nd ed. Broadview Press, 2006)modern English there are roughly half that number, in classes which overlap and have deviant internal groups, and in addition, a number of weak verbs have joined the class of irregular verbs. The Comprehensive Grammar of Englis h (1985) presents seven classes of irregular verbs, five of them with subgroups. The total membership of the modern irregular verb system is a question of criteria, depending on whether you include i) verbs which are conjugated both regularly and irregularly ii) verbs which are prefixed or compounded forms of monomorphemic irregular verbs iii) verbs which fall into the category of old-fashioned or archaic English To provide maximum help- and to avoid prejudging such issues- the Comprehensive Grammar (QGLS) presents a list of 267 irregular verbs, but it shrinks to about 150 if you apply all three criteria just mentioned. (Pam Peters, American and British Influence in Australian Verb Morphology. Creating and Using English Language Corpora, ed. by Udo Fries et al. Rodopi, 1994) The Future of Irregular Verbs Do irregular verbs have a future? At first glance, the prospects do not seem good. Old English had more than twice as many irregular verbs as we do today. As some of the verbs became less common, like cleave-clove, abide-abode, and geld-gelt, children failed to memorize their irregular forms and applied the -ed rule instead (just as today children are apt to say winded and speaked). The irregular forms were doomed for these childrens children and for all subsequent generations (though some of the dead irregulars have left souvenirs among the English adjectives, like cloven, cleft, shod, gilt, and pent).Not only is the irregular class losing members by emigration, it is not gaining new ones by immigration. When new verbs enter English via onomatopoeia (to ding, to ping), borrowings from other languages (deride and succumb from Latin), and conversions from nouns (fly out), the regular rule has first dibs on them. The language ends up with dinged, pinged, derided, succumbed, and flied o ut, not dang, pang, derode, succame, or flew out. But many of the irregulars can sleep securely, for they have two things on their side. One is their sheer frequency in the language. The ten commonest verbs in English (be, have, do, say, make, go, take, come, see, and get) are all irregular, and about 70% of the time we use a verb, it is an irregular verb. And children have a wondrous capacity for memorizing words; they pick up a new one every two hours, accumulating 60,000 by high school. Eighty irregulars are common enough that children use them before they learn to read, and I predict they will stay in the language indefinitely. (Steven Pinker, quoted by Lewis Burke Frumkes in Favorite Words of Famous People. Marion Street Press, 2011) A New Strong Verb in English The magazine Ozwords published by the Australian National Dictionary Centre has confirmed something that Ive suspected for some time- snuck as the past tense of sneak is now more usual than sneaked. . . . It is always good news to hear of a successful new strong verb in English!..Fewer than 60 of the original 350 strong verbs remain- and even this very small number includes many rather dodgy ones like glide/glode, beseech/besaught, cleave/cleft/cloven, beget/begat/begotten, chide/chid/chidden, slay/slew/slain and smite/smote/smitten. Hardly part of a Modern English speakers active vocabulary! So you can see that a new strong verb like sneak/snuck is a cause for celebration- that is, if you are worried about the extinction of forms like glide/glode. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) The Lighter Side of Irregular Verbs A boy who swims may say he swum, But milk is skimmed and seldom skum, And nails you trim; they are not trum.   When words you speak, these words are spoken, But a nose is tweaked and cant be twoken. And what you seek is seldom soken. If we forget, then weve forgotten, But things we wet are never wotten, And houses let cannot be lotten. The things one sells are always sold, But fog dispelled are not dispold, And what you smell is never smold. When young, a top you oft saw spun, But did you see a grin ever grun, Or a potato neatly skun? (anonymous, Variable Verbs or Verbs Is Funny) Also See Introduction to Irregular VerbsPrincipal Parts of Irregular VerbsWhats the Difference Between a Weak Verb and a Strong Verb?

Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts

Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts 1959 - Jerrie Cobb selected for testing for the Mercury astronaut training program. 1962 - Though Jerrie Cobb and 12 other women (the Mercury 13) passed astronaut admission tests, NASA decides not to select any women. Congressional hearings include testimony by Cobb and others, including Senator Philip Hart, husband of one of the Mercury 13. 1962 - The Soviet Union recruited five women to become cosmonauts. 1963 - June - Valentina Tereshkova, cosmonaut from the USSR, becomes the first woman in space. She flew Vostok 6, orbiting the earth 48 times, and was in space nearly three day. 1978 - Six women chosen as astronaut candidates by NASA: Rhea Seddon, Kathryn Sullivan, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Anna Fisher and Shannon Lucid.   Lucid, already a mother, is questioned about the effect of her work on her children. 1982 -  Svetlana Savitskaya,  USSR  cosmonaut, becomes the second woman in space, flying aboard the Soyuz T-7. 1983 - June - Sally Ride, American astronaut, becomes the first American woman in space, the third woman in space. She was a member of the crew on STS-7, space shuttle  Challenger. 1984 - July - Svetlana Savitskaya, USSR cosmonaut, becomes first woman to walk in space and the first woman to fly in space two times. 1984 - August - Judith Resnik becomes the first Jewish American in space. 1984 - October - Kathryn Sullivan, American astronaut, becomes first American woman to walk in space. 1984 - August - Anna Fisher becomes the first person to retrieve a malfunctioning satellite, using the orbiter remote manipulator arm. She was also the first human mother to travel in space. 1985 - October - Bonnie J. Dunbar made her first of five flights on a space shuttle. She flew again in 1990, 1992, 1995 and 1998. 1985 - November - Mary L. Cleave made her first flight of two into space (the other was in 1989). 1986 - January - Judith Resnik and Christa McAuliffe were the women among the crew of seven to die on the space shuttle Challenger when it exploded.   Christa McAuliffe, a schoolteacher, was the first non-government civilian to fly on the space shuttle. 1989: October - Ellen S. Baker flew on STS-34, her first flight. She also flew on STS-50 in 1992 and STS-71 in 1995. 1990 - January - Marsha Ivins makes her first of five space shuttle flights. 1991 - April - Linda M. Godwin makes her first of four flights on the space shuttle. 1991 - May - Helen Sharman became the first British citizen to walk in space and the second woman aboard a space station (Mir). 1991 - June - Tamara Jernigan makes her first of five flights in space.   Millie Hughes-Fulford becomes the first female payload specialist. 1992 - January - Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, flying on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-42. 1992 - May - Kathryn Thornton, the second woman to walk in space, was also the first woman to make multiple walks in space (May 1992, and twice in 1993). 1992 - June/July - Bonnie Dunbar and Ellen Baker are among the first American crew to dock with the Russian space station. 1992 - September STS-47 - Mae Jemison becomes first African American woman in space.   Jan Davis, on her first flight, with her husband, Mark Lee, become the first married couple to flly in space together. 1993 - January  - Susan J. Helms flew on the first of her five space shuttle missions. 1993 - April - Ellen Ochoa becomes first Hispanic American woman in space. She flew three more missions. 1993 - June - Janice E. Voss flew her first of five missions.   Nancy J. Currie flew her first of four missions. 1994 - July - Chiaki Mukai becomes the first Japanese woman in space, on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-65. She flew again in 1998 on STS-95. 1994 - October - Yelena Kondakova flew her first of two missions to the Mir Space Station. 1995 - February - Eileen Collins becomes the  first woman to pilot a space shuttle. She flew three more missions, in 1997, 1999 and 2005. 1995 - March - Wendy Lawrence  flew the first of four missions on the space shuttle. 1995  - July - Mary Weber flew the first of two space shuttle missions. 1995  - October - Cahterine Coleman flew her first of three missions, two on the U.S. space shuttle and, in 2010, one on Soyuz. 1996 - March - Linda M. Godwin becomes the fourth woman to walk in space, making another walk later in 2001. 1996 - August - Claudie Haignerà © Claudie Haignerà ©the first French woman in space. She flew two missions on Soyuz, the second in 2001. 1996 - September - Shannon Lucid returns from her six months on Mir, the Russian space station, with a record for the time in space for women and for Americans she is also the first woman to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. She was the first American woman to fly on a space station. She was the first woman to make three, four and five space flights. 1997 - April - Susan Still Kilrain became the second female shuttle pilot.   She also flew in July 1997. 1997 - May -  Yelena Kondakova becomes  the first Russian woman to travel on the U.S. space shuttle. 1997 - November - Kalpana Chawla becomes the first Indian American woman in space. 1998 - April - Kathryn P. Hire flew her first of two missions. 1998 - May - Nearly 2/3 of the flight control team for STS-95 were women, including the launch commentator, Lisa Malone, the ascent commentator, Eileen Hawley, the flight directory, Linda Harm, and the communicator between crew and mission control, Susan Still. 1998 - December - Nancy Currie completes the first task in assembling the International Space Station. 1999 - May - Tamara Jernigan, on her fifth space flight, becomes the fifth woman to walk in space. 1999 - July - Eileen Collins becomes the first woman to command a space shuttle. 2001 - March - Susan J. Helms becomes the sixth woman to walk in space. 2003 - January - Kalpana Chawla and Laurel B. Clark die among the crew in the Columbia disaster aboard STS-107.   It was Clarks first mission. 2006 - September - Anousheh Ansara, on board for a Soyuz mission, becomes the first Iranian in space and the first female space tourist. 2007 - When Tracy Caldwell Dyson flies her first US space shuttle mission in August, she becomes the first astronaut in space who was born after the Apollo 11 flight.   She flew in 2010 on the Soyuz, becoming the 11th woman to walk in space. 2008 - Yi So-yeon becomes the first Korean in space. 2012 - Chinas first female astronaut, Liu Yang, flies in space.   Wang Yaping becomes the second the following year. 2014 - Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, carried an Olympic flag in the Winter Olympics. 2014  -   Yelena Serova becomes the first woman cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station. Samantha Cristoforetti becomes the first Italian woman in space and the first Italian woman on the International Space Station. This timeline  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

Write about 4 art works that you choose (4 of them should be about Essay

Write about 4 art works that you choose (4 of them should be about family) - Essay Example Each of their work explored the concept of family visually including the underlying themes that they are set against. In the legend on the catalogue where this painting, Oedipus and Antigone, was listed, Charles Thevenin wrote: â€Å"The fugitive proscribed by his son wanders during a violent storm in an arid and savage countryside†¦ His daughter makes a an effort to calm him.† This 18th century work in sepia was a study for a painting that was exhibited at the Salon in 1792. There are several variations to this Sophocles drama. In some paintings, Oedipus is depicted as one on the verge of madness, in some, he was so pathetic and miserable. But, always, there is the dutiful and protective figure, shielding the weakened form from the harshness of the elements. A look at the faces of the subjects and our knowledge of the history of the tableaux, enable us to see a dimension in family relationship that is characterized by gender conflict and the roles gender play in addressing the dilemma. Oedipus is being guided by her daughter after having been exiled by his son. Thevenin highlighted an important insight: as the father and son engaged in mortal conflict, the daughter remained loyal and duty-bound. The situation saw an undermined paternal authority, which rendered the family unit vulnerable. But most importantly, one sees that the intervention of the female figure to calm the dispute between the two males in the family represented the roles that women generally play in mitigating conflicts within the family. Art explored another treatment for the female form here. In other instance, women are the objects of the struggle between men. In this painting, the other pole is depicted. Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Rauschenberg Family) is one of Andy Warhol’s collaboration with fellow Pop artist, Robert Rauschenberg. The art work is a combination of images of the Rauschenberg family and was